Different forms of self pollination: Autogamy and Geitonogamy. Ficus sps. Eg: Zostera (sea horse) 2. Hypohydrophily : Plants which are pollinated inside the water e.g., Zostera, Ceratophyllum, Najas, etc. Hypohydrophily: Hypohydrophily is a true hydrophily that occurs beneath the surface of the water. Epihydrophily : Pollination occurs on the surface of water. Contrivances for self pollination . Hydrophily occurs only in a few aquatic plants. 10. 19 Hypohydrophily: pollination occurring beneath the water surface. Chaupati, Ajmer. Flowers are small, light, without any colour 2. Vallisnaria). A. Ex: Najas, Ceratophylum, Zostera. Hypohydrophily is true hydrophily which occurs below the surface of water. 3. The specific gravity of the pollen is same as that of sea water, so that, the pollen floats freely at any depth. Hypohydrophily in zostera. Pollination carried out through water is called hydrophily. Ceratophyllum, Najas, Zostera etc, or in flowers floating on the water sufrace (Epihydrophily) e.g. In Yucca, the flowers are pollinated by yucca moth. All the flowers pollinated by insects are brightly coloured, have a sweet smell and produce nectar. (iii) Chasmogamy or Anthesis : Opening [blooming] of the floral bud in the form of a flower is called anthesis. Taxonomy of monocots follows Dahlgren and Ras mussen (1983). In Zostera, at least, adaptation to the marine habitat has involved less the acquisition of novel genes than the loss of a number of genes such as those involved in hormone response, photosynthesis and cell wall composition (H. T. Lee et al. Similarly, tapetum is not well developed in Gentianaceae family so some cells of sporogenous tissue become sterile and provide nutrition to remaining sporogenous cells. In Viola, the flowers get pollinated by bees. Vallisneria is dioecious. Zostera marina is a submerged marine sea grass and pollination takes place under water. XII - Winner MASTERS ACADEMY 1- Anasagar Circular Road, Opp. Some wind-pollinated flowers like Urtica dioica show an explosive mechanism by which the anthers burst and surcharge the air with pollens. The pollination which takes place by means of water is known as hydrophily.It occurs only in aquatic plants.however,many aquatic plants with emerged flowers have other modes of pollination. occur in angiosperms (Delpino, 1870; Cox, 1988): epihy-drophily and hypohydrophily. Taxa also vary as to whether or not pollen or ovules are in direct contact with the water (for recent reviews see Pettit, 1984; Cox, 1988; Les, 1988; Philbrick, 1991 ). Occurs in hydrophytes bearing submerged female flowers. • Usually occurs with monoecious condition. 2016, see also Roodt et al. Pollen grains are long, without exine, heavier than water , sink down to meet stigma of female flowers. The stigma are quite-long . Dicot: Nymphaeales Ceratophyllaceae—cosmopolitan. Epihydrophily is pollina- tion at the water surface (Cox, 1988; Philbrick, 1988, 1991), e.g., Vallisneria (Hydrocharitaceae). Of the two male gametes produced by each pollengrain, one male gamete fuses with the egg to form diploid zygote (syngamy). The male flowers rise to the surface where they float. The styles are long with sticky stigmas to hold the pollen grains. freshwater plants like Vallisneria, Hydrilla; marine water plants like Zostera). Zostera is the marine seagrass which gets pollinated by water. Specific gravity of pollen grains is equal to that of water, so they float on water. Hypohydrophily. Epihydrophily : ... About 80% pollination occurs by insects like moths, bettles, butterflies, wasp, etc. The pollen grains are long, needle like. It occurs in few plants e.g. All species in Cymodoceaceae are dioecious. Ceratophyllum desnersum Example: Zostera marina, Ceratophyllum, etc. All the flowers pollinated by insects are brightly coloured, have a sweet smell and produce nectar. 19 Hypohydrophily: pollination occurring beneath the water surface. (Banyan, Peepal, Fig), Saraca indica (Ashok), Aristolochia, most of the plants of Cruciferae and Rosaceae family. It occurs in completely submerged plants and their pollen grains are waterborne. drophily; H, hypohydrophily. 20 6.Methods to Ensure Cross pollination Dichogamy: The maturation of the stamens and pistils of a bisexual flower at different times, so that self-pollination is prevented. The anthers are often versatile, swinging freely in air (Fig. Epihydrophily : ... About 80% pollination occurs by insects like moths, beetles, butterflies, wasp, etc. In Zostera, pollination occurs under water (hypohydrophily). These will remain suspended in water. Zostera, Ceratophyllum etc) and (ii) Epihydrophily (Over the surface of water eg. Revision. This return to hypohydrophily is interpreted as a reversal to the ancestral state. Zoophily: When the pollination brings by animals, it is called zoophily. Plants like Zostera and Ceratophyllum uses hypohydrophily. In Zostera, the marine angiosperm (Sea Grass), the pollen grains are long ribon-like (upto 2500 mm) and without exine. Types of tetrads : The arrangement of the microspores in tetrad condition are as … Example: Zostera marina, Ceratophyllum, etc. Ceratophyllum 6/H Monocot: Hydrocharitales Hydrocharitaceae—cosmopolitan, mainly warm regions. Hypohydrophily: Hypohydrophily is a true hydrophily that occurs beneath the surface of the water. Although this occurs in about 75% of the seagrasses, it is a feature found in less than 5% of all angiosperms. Plants, which occur below the water level are called sub-merged polants. Eg:Zostera,Ceratophylum,Hydrilla b)EPIHYDROPHILY: It occurs over the surface of … Hypohydrophily – Pollination occurs bellow the surface of water. Pollination occurs at 2-celled stage of pollen. Vallisneria is a submerged dioecious freshwater aquatic plant. I don’t think so. Hypohydrophily : Plants which are pollinated inside the water g. Zostera, Ceratophyllum, Najas, etc. (b) Hypohydrophily ( inside water) e.g. Appertiella 1/E Elodea 5/E Enhalus 1/H Halophila 8/H Lagarosiphon 9/E Nechamandra 1/E Thalassia 2/H Vallisneria 2/E Zosterales N … Pollen grains are without exine and often elongated. The pollination which occurs below the surface of water. • The purity of the generation is maintained. At maturity, anthers produce needle like pollen grains. Ex: Elodes, Hydrilla, Vallisneria. There are two leading theories regarding the prevalence of dioecy in Cymodoceaceae. Male plants produces a large number of male flowers, which after breaking, rise upwards in closed state and open on surface of water. when it is with the help of water, it may take place completely under water (hypohydrophily) or may takes place on the water surface (epihydrophily). The process of transfer of pollen to the stigma via water is known as water pollination. It is of two types – hypohydrophily and epihydrophily. Hypohydrophily in zostera 20. Hydrophily is of two types, hypohydrophily and epihydrophily. Generally, flowers are unisexual. Hydrophily : The aquatic plants depend upon water for transfer of pollen grains; e.g., in plants belonging to families Najadaceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, etc. Hypohydrophily: Pollination occurs inside the water. The elongated pollen when reach to stigma, coil around it and germinate. zostera, ceratophyllum. Solution : Pollination by water is called hydrophily. Examples: Zostera marina and Ceratophyllum. The pollen grains can, therefore, float below the surface of water. What is the function of the two male gametes produced by each pollen grain to angiosperms. They have the same specific gravity as that of water. - In Angiosperms, it occurs through the parts of vegetative organs like root, stem, leaf or buds of a plant, therefore, it is called vegetative propagation or vegetative reproduction. Hypohydrophily :Plants which are pollinated inside the water e.g.Zostera, Ceratophyllum, Najas, etc. There is no chance of cross-pollination. Study 68 Reproduction in Organisms flashcards on StudyBlue. The male plants produce a large number of male flowers. Further development of male gametophyte occurs on stigma after pollination .The smaller ... Hypohydrophily (below the surface of water eg. Pollens are released in water and capture by stigmas. In Oxalis and Commelina, there is no need for pollinator as they are closed flowers. A flower is fragrant (or stinky) so it could attract pollinators. Hypohydrophily occurs below the surface of water, e.g., Ceratophyllum, Zostera. Light unwettable pollen grains are present in these plants. Zostera… Plant produce needle like … It occurs in totally submerged plants and their pollen grains are water borne. Epihydrophily takes place over the surface of the water, e.g., Vallisneria. Development that lead ... Nymphaea). eg., Zostera marina, Ceratophyllum, etc. Epihydrophily takes place over the surface of water, e.g., Vallisneria. Examples: Ceratophyllum, Najas Zostera and Hydrilla Specific gravity is found in pollen grains so they remains suspended in water. Demerits • New and healthier varieties are not formed. Eg:Lemma,Zostera,Vallisneria TYPES OF HYDROPHILY: a)HYPOHYDROPHILY: It occurs below the surface of water. Biotic agents (a) Entomophily : When pollination is brought about by the agency of insects, it is known as entomophily or insect pollination. Example: Zostera § Pollination in Zostera. Highly specialized and unique pollen shapes (such as filiform in Zostera L.) with a highly reduced exine occur in the seagrass families (Cymodoceaceae, Potamogetonaceae, and Zosteraceae). Zoophily; This pollination occurs by the animals. Pollination by water is quite rare in flowering plants. Following steps (sequences) occur in sexual reproduction in a typical angiosperm plant. - These vegetative parts, which act as propagules have adequate, reserve food material and at least a growing point. (ii) Hypohydrophily: When the pollination takes place inside the water, it is called hypohydrophily. In case of fully submerged plants, the flowers are either pollinated via the water current, called hypohydrophily. Pollination may take place in flowers occurring below the water level (Hypohydrophily) e.g. Hypohydrophily : Pollination occurs below surface of water. 334) and the pollens are dry, light and smooth-walled. In Zostera, the pollens are ribbon-like without exine These float inside the water surface. Merits • Pollen grains are not wasted. They are shed under water. - The propagule grows to form an independent plant under favorable conditions. Hypohydrophily occurs below the surface of water, e.g., Zostera, Ceratophyllum. There are two types of hydrophilic pollination Hypohydrophily and b) Epihydrophily. But in some plant like Zostera, some microspore mother cells become sterile and provide nutrition to rest of microspore mother cells. Such flowers are often unisexual and occur in bun­ches. It occurs in completely submerged plants and their pollen grains are waterborne. e.g.Vallisneria (Ribbon weed). Four hydrophilous species —Zostera marina L ... (on the water surface) and hypohydrophily (below the water surface), al- though taxa exist that are both epi- and hypohydrophilous. Some characters of hydrophillous flowers are 1. 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